Macrocyclic cyanine and indocyanine bioconjugates provide improved biomedical application

ABSTRACT

The sensitivity and specificity of the optical modality can be enhanced by the use of highly absorbing compounds as contrast agents. Novel macrocyclic cyanine and indocyanine bioconjugates that absorb and emit light in the near infrared region of electromagnetic spectrum are disclosed. These compounds are especially useful for endoscopic, localized photoacoustic, and sonofluorescence imaging, detection and therapy of tumors and other abnormalities.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is related to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No.60/474,453 filed May 31, 2003 which priority is claimed.

STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST

This invention was made with government support under grant numberBES-01194889 (NSF). The federal government has certain rights in thisinvention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates generally to improved cyanine and indocyaninebioconjugates; and, particularly to improved site-specific is deliveryfor optical tomographic, endoscopic, photoacoustic, sonofluorescent,laser assisted guided surgery, and therapeutic purposes.

2. Background of the Prior Art

Several dyes, including derivatives of fluorescein and carbocyanine,that emit light in the visible and near-infrared region of theelectromagnetic spectrum have in the past and are currently being usedfor various biomedical applications due to their bioconnpatibility, highmolar absorptivity, or high fluorescence quantum yields. This highsensitivity parallels that of nuclear medicine and permits visualizationof organs and tissues without the negative effect of ionizing radiation.Most dyes lack specificity for particular organs or tissues and, hence,these dyes must be attached to bioactive carriers such as proteins,peptides, carbohydrates, and the like to deliver the dyes to specificregions in the body. Several studies on the use of near infrared dyesand dye-biomolecule conjugates have been published (Patonay et al.,1991; Slavik, 1994 Brinkley, 1993; Lee and Woo, U.S. Pat. No. 5,453,505;Hohenschuh, WO 98/48846; Turner et al., WO 98/22146; Licha et al., WO96/17628; and Snow et al., WO 98/48838). Of particular interest is thetargeting of tumor cells with antibodies or other large protein carriersas delivery vehicles (Becker, et al., 1999). Such an approach has beenwidely used in nuclear medical applications, and the major advantage isthe retention of a carrier's tissue specificity since the molecularvolume of the dye is substantially smaller than the carrier. However,this approach does have some serious limitations in that the diffusionof high molecular weight bioconjugates to tumor cells is highlyunfavorable, and is further complicated by the net positive pressure insolid tumors (Jain, 1994). Furthermore, many dyes in general, andcyanine dyes, in particular, tend to form aggregates in aqueous mediathat lead to fluorescence quenching.

Therefore, to solve these problems, U.S. Pat. No. 6,217,848 discloseddye-peptide conjugates, including several cyanine dyes with a variety ofbis- and tetrakis (carboxylic acid) homologues. The small size of thecompounds allowed more favorable delivery to tumor cells, as compared tolarger molecular weight imaging agents.

A typical example of the cyanine compounds used to make these conjugatesis indoacyanine green (ICG) which absorbs and emits light in the nearinfrared region (NIR) wavelengths.

However, many drawbacks have been encountered in the use of theserecently developed compounds. First, it is difficult to alter theirspectral properties to coincide with a desired biological or chemicalevent, thereby limiting the scope of their functionality as imagingagents. For example, the fluorescence emission and fluorescence lifetimeof ICG, in the tissue itself, do not significantly change in situ; andhence, the ICG derivatives cannot be used effectively as a reportermolecules to monitor the functional events such as enzyme activity, andgene expression, as they occur. To circumvent this problem, recentstudies have used a “pro-drug” approach, where the fluorescence signal,from a pre-quenched carbocyanine compound, is detected in response to adiagnostic biological event, such as increased local acidity in solidtumors, or high expression of some proteases in metastatic tumors[Bremer C., et al., “Imaging of differential protease expression inbreast cancers for detection of aggressive tumor phenotypes”, Radiology222, 814-818 (2002); Weissleder R., “A clearer vision for in vivoimaging”, Nat. Biotechnol. 19, 316-317 (2001)].

Unfortunately, this “pro-drug” approach relies on the stacking of dyeson a polymer backbone to achieve some level of decrease in fluorescenceemission. In addition, the large size of the copolymer-probe conjugateused precludes rapid delivery of the probe to solid tumors. Moreover,the delivery method is nonspecific and the major photophysical featureof the dye that was affected was a reduction in the fluorescenceemission of the polymeric material, rather than the tissue itself. Thus,availability of intramolecularly-quenched carbocyanine compounds,coupled with specific delivery to target tissue for functional imagingevents such as enzyme activity and gene expression remain an unmet need.

Another problem with the recent carbocyanine dye-bioconjugates, is invivo instability. That is, the bioactive carrier molecule, such as apeptide, is attached to the dye via its N-terminus, where the peptide issusceptible to degradation by exopeptidases via the C-terminus.

Also, the routine use of cyanine bioconjugate compounds in clinicalsettings as imaging agents is inhibited by the potential forhepatobilliary toxicity resulting from the rapid clearance of these dyesby the liver. This is associated with the tendency of carbocyaninecompounds to form aggregates in solution, which could be taken up byKupffer cells in the liver. Various attempts to obviate this problemhave not been very successful. Typically, hydrophilic peptides,polyethyleneglycol or oligosaccharide conjugates have been used butthese resulted in excessively long-circulating products that areeventually cleared by the liver.

It would be a welcomed advancement in the industry to overcome theaforesaid drawbacks of the prior art.

The publications and other materials used herein to support thebackground of the invention or provide additional details respecting thepractice, are incorporated by reference, and for convenience arerespectively listed in the appended List of Reference.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one principal aspect of the present invention there is improved easewith which to alter the spectral properties of cyanine bioconjugates asa function of particular biological or chemical events.

In another principal aspect of the invention there is an improvement inthe delivery of the bioconjugates to targeted tumors or other biomasses.

Also, an unexpected aspect of this invention is that the macrocyclicbioconjugates have improved stability, as far example, againstdegradation by exopeptidases, while retaining high receptor bindingaffinity of peptides, even though carboxyl, alcoholic or otherwiseterminal substituents are not free.

Also, although not completely understood, it is believed that a furtheraspect of the invention may allow solvent-induced aggregation insolution to be disrupted, and allow a unique mechanism for thebioconjugates to more rapidly clear the liver.

These aspects of the invention and others which will become moreapparent from the ensuing Summary, Detailed Description, Figures andExamples, are made possible by intramolecularly cross-linkedcarbocyanine, cyanine or indocyanine bioconjugates includingcross-linked bioconjugates of fluorescein, porphyrin, squarine and theirderivatives, useful as imaging agents, hereinafter referred to asmacrocyclic bioconjugates having Formulas 1-18 below:

The present invention comprises novel macrocyclic bioconjugate imagingagents, among which are those defined as Formula 1:

wherein a1 and b1 vary from 0 to 7; W¹ and X¹ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of CR_(a), NR_(b), P, P(O)R_(c); Y¹ and Z¹ areindependently selected from the group consisting of —H, —CR_(a)R_(b),C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C10 aryl, C1-C10 alkoxyl, C1-C20 polyalkoxyalkyl,C1-C10 thioalkyl, C1-C10 carboxylic acid, C1-C10 aminoalkyl, C1-C10hydroxyalkyl, C5-C20 polyhydroxyaryl, —(CH₂)_(a)—NR_(a)R_(b),—CH₂(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—OR_(e), —(CH₂)_(a)—CO₂R_(e),—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CO₂R_(e), —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—NR_(a)R_(b),—(CH₂), —N(R_(b))—(CH₂)_(c)—CO₂R_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)—N(R_(b))—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CO₂R_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)—CONR_(b)-Bm, —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CONR_(b)-Bm,—(CH₂)_(a)—NR_(b)CO-Bm, —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—NR_(b)CO-Bm, —(CH₂),—NR_(b)CO-Bm, —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—NR_(b)CO-Bm, —(CH₂),—N(R_(b))—(CH₂)_(b)—CONR_(b)-Bm,—(CH₂)_(a)—N(R_(b))—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CONR_(b)-Bm,—(CH₂)_(a)SO₃R_(e), —(CH₂)_(a)S(O)R_(e), —(CH₂)_(a)SR_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)OSO₃R_(e), —(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)SO₃R_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)CO₂(CH₂)_(b)SO₃—(CH₂)_(a)SO₃R_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)OCO(CH₂)_(c)SO₃R_(e), —(CH₂)_(a)CONR_(b)(CH₂)_(c)SO₃R_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CO(CH₂)_(c)SO₃R_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CONR_(e)(CH₂)_(c)SO₃R_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CSNR_(c)(CH₂)_(c)SO₃R_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)OCONR_(e)(CH₂)_(c)SO₃R_(e), —(CH₂)_(a)PO₃R_(e)R_(f),—(CH₂)_(a)OPO₃R_(e)R_(f), —(CH₂)_(a)NR₃PO₃R_(e)R_(f),—(CH₂)_(a)CO₂(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)R_(f),—(CH₂)_(a)OCO(CH₂)_(b)PO₃R_(e)R_(f),—(CH₂)_(a)CONR_(b)(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)R_(f),—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CO(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)R_(f),—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CONR_(G)(CH₂)_(b)PO₃R_(e)R_(f),—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CSNH(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)R_(f),—(CH₂)_(a)OCONR_(b)(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)R_(f), cyano, nitro, halogens,saccharides, hydrophilic peptides, lipophilic peptides, bioactivepeptides, proteins, cells, glycopeptides, peptidomimetics, drugs,hormones, metal chelating agents, radioactive and non-radioactive metalcomplexes, echogenic agents, and arylpolysulfonates; the subscripts aand c independently vary from 1-20, and b vary from 1-100; R_(a), R_(b),R_(c), and R_(d) are defined in the same manner as R¹; R_(e) and R_(f)are independently a hydrogen or a negatively-charged group or aredefined in the same manner as R¹; Bm is any bioactive peptides,proteins, antibodies, antibody fragments, oligosaccharides, drugs,glycomimetics, cells, glycopeptides, peptidomimetics, hormones, metalchelating groups, radioactive and non-radioactive metal complexes,echogenic agents, and the like; each of R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² may be ahydrophilic or lipophilic linker or a bioactive domain defined in thesame manner as Bm, or R¹⁰ to R¹² may be combined as a functional unitdefined in the same manner as Bm; R¹ to R⁹ are defined in the samemanner as Bm, or are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C14 aryl, C1-C20 alkoxyl, C1-C20polyalkoxyalkyl, C1-C20 thioalkyl, C1-C20 carboxyl, C1-C20 aminoalkyl,C1-C20 hydroxyalkyl, C₅-C₂₀ polyhydroxyaryl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic,sulfonate, sulfate, thiol, sulfide, thiother, phosphonate, phosphate,phosphite, carboxylate, amino aryl, cyano, nitro, halogen, saccharide,hydrophilic peptide, lipophilic peptide, bioactive peptide, protein,cells, glycopeptide, peptidomimetic, drug, hormone, metal chelatinggroup, radioactive and non-radioactive metal complex, echogenic agent,arylpolysulfonate, fused aryl, and radioisotope; two or more R¹ to R⁹may combine to form aromatic derivatives.

The present invention also comprises novel macrocyclic bioconjugatecompounds defined as Formula 2:

wherein a2 and b2 are defined in the same manner as a1 and b1; W² and X²are independently selected from the group consisting of —CR_(a)R_(b),—O—, —NR_(b), —S—, and —Se; Y² and Z² are independently selected fromthe group consisting of —CR_(a), —C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C10 aryl, C1-C10alkoxyl, C1-C20 polyalkoxyalkyl, C1-C10 thioalkyl, C1-C10 carboxylicacid, C1-C10 aminoalkyl, C1-C10 hydroxyalkyl, C5-C20 polyhydroxyaryl,—(CH₂), —NR_(a)—, —CH₂(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—O—, —(CH₂)_(a)—CO₂—,—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CO₂—, —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—NR_(a)—, —(CH₂),—N(R_(b))—(CH₂), —CO₂R_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)—N(R_(b))—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CO₂R_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)—CONR_(b)-Bm-, —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CONR_(b)-Bm-,—(CH₂)_(a)—NR_(b)CO-Bm-, —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—NR_(b)CO-Bm-,—(CH₂)_(a)—NR^(b)CO-Bm-, —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—NR_(b)CO-Bm-,—(CH₂)_(a)—N(R_(b))—(CH₂), —CONR_(b)-Bm-,—(CH₂)_(a)—N(R_(b))—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CONR_(b)-Bm-,—(CH₂)_(a)SO₃—, —(CH₂)_(a)S(O)—, —(CH₂)_(a)S—, —(CH₂)_(a)OSO₃—,—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)SO₃—, —(CH₂)_(a)CO₂(CH₂)_(a)SO₃—(CH₂)_(a)SO₃—,—(CH₂)_(a)OCO(CH₂)_(c)SO₃—, —(CH₂)_(a)CONR_(b)(CH₂)_(a)SO₃—,—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CO(CH₂)_(c)SO₃—, —(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CONR_(c)(CH₂)_(c)SO₃—,—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CSNR_(c)(CH₂)_(c)SO₃—, —(CH₂)_(a)OCONR_(e)(CH₂)_(c)SO₃—,—(CH₂)_(a)PO₃R_(e)—, —(CH₂)_(a)OPO₃R_(e)—, —(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)PO₃R_(e)—,—(CH₂)_(a)CO₂(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)—, —(CH₂)_(a)OCO(CH₂)_(b)PO₃R_(e)—,—(CH₂)_(a)CONR_(b)(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)—,—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CO(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)—,—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CONR_(c)(CH₂)_(b)PO₃R_(e)—,—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CSNH(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)—,(CH₂)_(a)OCONR_(b)(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)—, cyano, nitro, halogens,saccharides, hydrophilic peptides, lipophilic peptides, bioactivepeptides, proteins, cells, glycopeptides, peptidomimetics, drugs,hormones, metal chelating agents, radioactive and non-radioactive metalcomplexes, echogenic agents, and arylpolysulfonates; the subscripts aand c independently vary from 1-20, and b vary from 1-100; R_(a), R_(b),R_(c), and R_(d) are defined in the same manner as R¹; R_(e) and R_(f)are independently a hydrogen or a negatively-charged group or aredefined in the same manner as R¹; Bm is any bioactive peptides,proteins, antibodies, antibody fragments, oligosaccharides, drugs,glycomimetics, cells, glycopeptides, peptidomimetics, hormones, metalchelating groups, radioactive and non-radioactive metal complexes,echogenic agents, and the like; R¹³ to R²¹ are defined in the samemanner as R¹ to R⁹; and R²² to R²⁴ are defined in the same manner as R¹⁹to R¹².

The present invention further comprises novel macrocyclic bioconjugatecompounds defined as Formula 3:

wherein a3 and b3 are defined in the same manner as a1 and b1; W³ and X³are defined in the same manner as W¹ and X¹; Y³ and Z³ are defined inthe same manner as Y¹ and Z¹; R²⁵ to R³⁷ are defined in the same manneras R¹ to R⁹; and R³⁸ to R⁴⁰ are defined in the same manner as R¹⁹ to R¹²

The present invention also comprises novel macrocyclic bioconjugatesdefined as Formula 4:

wherein a4 and b4 are defined in the same manner as a1 and b1; W⁴ and X⁴are defined in the same manner as W² and X²; Y⁴ and Z⁴ are defined inthe same manner as Y² and Z²; R⁴¹ to R⁵³ are defined in the same manneras and R¹ to R⁹; and R⁵⁴ to R⁵⁶ are defined in the same manner as R¹⁹ toR¹².

The present invention also comprises novel macrocyclic bioconjugatecompounds of Formula 5:

wherein a5 and b5 are defined in the same manner as a1 and b1; W⁵ isdefined in the same manner as W¹; X⁵ is defined in the same manner asX²; Y⁵ is defined in the same manner as Y¹; Z⁵ is defined in the samemanner as Z²; R⁵⁷ to R⁶⁵ are defined in the same manner as and R¹ to R⁹;and R⁶⁶ to R⁶⁹ are defined in the same manner as R¹⁰ to R¹².

The present invention also comprises novel macrocyclic bioconjugatecompounds of Formula 6:

wherein a6 and b6 are defined in the same manner as a1 and b1; W⁶ isdefined in the same manner as W¹; X⁶ is defined in the same manner asX²; Y⁶ is defined in the same manner as Y¹; Z⁶ is defined in the samemanner as Z²; R⁷⁰ to R⁸² are defined in the same manner as R¹ to R⁹; andR⁸³ to R⁸⁶ are defined in the same manner as R¹⁰ to R¹².

The present invention also comprises novel double cross-linkedmacrocyclic bioconjugate compounds of Formula 7:

wherein a7 and b7 are defined in the same manner as a1 and b1; W⁷ and X⁷are defined in the same manner as W¹ and X¹; Y⁷ and Z⁷ are defined inthe same manner as Y² and Z²; R⁸⁷ to R⁹⁵ are defined in the same manneras R¹ to R⁹; and R⁹⁶ to R¹⁰³ are defined in the same manner as R¹⁹ toR¹².

The present invention also comprises novel double cross-linkedmacrocyclic bioconjugate compounds of Formula 8:

wherein a8 and b8 are defined in the same manner as a1 and b1; W⁸ and X⁸is are defined in the same manner as W¹ and X¹; Y⁸ and Z⁸ are defined inthe same manner as Y² and Z²; R¹⁰⁴ to R¹¹⁶ are defined in the samemanner as R¹ to R⁹; and R¹¹⁷ to R¹²⁴ are defined in the same manner asR¹⁰ to R¹².

The present invention also comprises novel double macrocyclicbioconjugate compounds of Formula 9:

wherein a9 and b9 are defined in the same manner as a1 and b1; W⁹ and X⁹are defined in the same manner as W¹ and X¹; Y⁹ and Z⁹ are defined inthe same manner as Y² and Z²; R¹²⁵ to R¹³³ are defined in the samemanner as R¹ to R⁹; and R¹³⁴ to R¹³⁹ are defined in the same manner asR¹⁰ to R¹².

The present invention also comprises novel double macrocyclicbioconjugate compounds of Formula 10:

wherein a10 and b10 are defined in the same manner as a1 and b1; W¹⁰ andX¹⁰ are defined in the same manner as W¹ and X¹; Y¹⁹ and Z¹⁹ are definedin the same manner as Y² and Z²; R¹⁴⁰ to R¹⁵² are defined in the samemanner as R¹ to R⁹; and R¹⁵³ to R¹⁵⁸ are defined in the same manner asR¹⁰ to R¹².

The present invention also comprises novel macrocyclic bioconjugatecompounds of Formula 11:

wherein a11 and b11 are defined in the same manner as a1 and b1; W¹¹ andX¹¹ are defined in the same manner as W¹ and X¹; Y¹¹ and Z¹¹ are definedin the same manner as Y² and Z²; R¹⁵⁹ to R¹⁶⁷ are defined in the samemanner as R¹ to R⁹; R¹⁶⁸ to R¹⁷³ are defined in the same manner as R¹⁰to R¹². A₁, B₁ and D₁ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of —O—, —S—, —Se—, —P—, —PR_(a)—P(O)R_(a), —S(O)—,—CR_(a)R_(b)—, —C═O, C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C10 aryl, C1-C10 polyhydroxyalkyl,C1-C10 alkoxyl, —CH₂(CH₂—O—CH₂), —CH₂—O—, peptide, —(CH₂)_(d)—CO₂H,—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂), —CH₂—CO—, —(CH₂)_(f)—NR_(b)—, and—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(g)—CH₂—NR_(b). A₁, B₁ and D₁ may together form a 5 to20 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, optionally containing oneor more oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atom.

The present invention also comprises novel macrocyclic bioconjugatecompounds of Formula 12:

wherein a12 and b12 are defined in the same manner as a1 and b1; W¹² andX¹² are defined in the same manner as W¹ and X¹; Y¹² and Z¹² are definedin the same manner as Y² and Z²; R¹⁷⁴ to R¹⁸⁶ are defined in the samemanner as R¹ to R⁹; R¹⁶⁷ to R¹⁹² are defined in the same manner as R¹⁰to R¹². A₁, B₁ and D₁ are defined in Formula 11.

The present invention also comprises novel macrocyclic bioconjugatecompounds of Formula 13:

wherein a13 and b13 are defined in the same manner as a1 and b1; W¹³ andX¹³ are defined in the same manner as W¹ and X¹; Y¹³ and Z¹³ are definedin the same manner as Y¹ and Z¹; R¹⁹³ to R²⁰¹ are defined in the samemanner as R¹ to R⁹; and R²⁰² to R²⁰⁴ are defined in the same manner asR¹⁰ to R¹²; A₁, B₁ and D₁ are defined in Formula 12.

The present invention also comprises the novel macrocyclic bioconjugatecompounds of Formula 14:

wherein a14 and b14 are defined in the same manner as a1 and b1; W¹⁴ andX¹⁴ are defined in the same manner as W² and X²; Y¹⁴ and Z¹⁴ are definedin the same manner as Y² and Z²; R²⁰⁵ to R²¹³ are defined in the samemanner as and R¹ to R⁹; R²¹⁴ to R²¹⁶ are defined in the same manner asR¹⁹ to R¹²; A₁, B₁ and D₁ are defined in Formula 11.

The present invention also comprises the novel macrocyclic bioconjugatecompounds of Formula 15:

wherein a15 and b15 are defined in the same manner as a1 and b1; W¹⁵ andX¹⁵ are defined in the same manner as W¹ and X¹; Y¹⁵ and Z¹⁵ are definedin the same manner as Y¹ and Z¹; R²¹⁷ to R²²⁹ are defined in the samemanner as R¹ to R⁹; and R²³⁰ to R²³² are defined in the same manner asR¹⁰ to R¹². A₁, B₁ and D₁ are defined in Formula 11.

The present invention also comprises novel macrocyclic bioconjugatecompounds of Formula 16:

wherein a16 and b16 are defined in the same manner as a1 and b1; W¹⁶ andX¹⁶ are defined in the same manner as W² and X²; Y¹⁶ and Z¹⁶ are definedin the same manner as Y² and Z²; R²³³ to R²⁴⁶ are defined in the samemanner as and R¹ to R⁹; R²⁴⁷ to R²⁴⁹ are defined in the same manner asR¹⁰ to R¹²; A₁, B₁ and D₁ are defined in Formula 12.

The present invention also comprises macrocyclic bioconjugate compoundsof Formula 17:

wherein a17 and b17 are defined in the same manner as a1 and b1; W¹⁷ andX¹⁷ are defined in the same manner as W¹ and X¹; Y¹⁷ and Z¹⁷ are definedin the same manner as Y² and Z²; R²⁵⁰ to R²⁵⁸ are defined in the samemanner as R¹ to R⁹; and R²⁵⁹ to R²⁶⁵ are defined in the same manner asR¹⁰ to R¹².

The present invention also comprises novel macrocyclic bioconjugatecompounds of Formula 18:

wherein a18 and b18 are defined in the same manner as a1 and b1; W¹⁸ andX¹⁸ are defined in the same manner as W¹ and X¹; Y¹⁸ and Z¹⁸ are definedin the same manner as Y² and Z²; R²⁶⁷ to R²⁷⁹ are defined in the samemanner as R¹ to R⁹; and R²⁸⁰ to R²⁸⁶ are defined in the same manner asR¹⁰ to R¹².

This invention also comprises a method for preparing the compounds ofthe invention in high yield.

The compounds of this invention allow the emission of light to bequenched by the presence of analytes, including, but not limited tometal ions, pathogens, bacteria, or other organic molecules.

The compounds of the present invention may be employed to quench theemission of light prior to the occurrence of a biological event, is suchas enzymatic cleavage of diagnostic bonds, or sequestering intomembranes or host molecules.

The structural framework of certain of the compounds of this inventionmay serve as a scaffold to develop related compounds that have differentactivity from the parent compounds.

The fluorescence lifetime properties of the compounds of this inventionare changed by the macrocyclization synthesis.

The macrocyclic carbocyanine compounds of the present invention can beutilized in the treatment of pathologic conditions by phototherapy. Thatis, the compound is activated by light through cleavage of labile bondsor generation of free radicals that are cytotoxic to a targetmicroenvironment.

These macrocyclic bioconjugates have been found to exude a robust naturewhich enables them to have an improved delivery which is more specificto targeted tissue. The robust nature my stem from the rigid cross-linksin the chromophore core, i.e. the intramolecular cyclization. Thetopology of the molecules makes it possible to alter the spectralproperties of the compounds by a choice of the ring size. In addition,the linker group from one segment of the molecule to another canbeneficially comprise a bioactive segment capable of directing themolecules to their targets.

The compounds described in this invention are stable againstexopeptidase degradation inspite of the head-to-tail macrocyclizationformulations. Macrocyclization facilitates elucidation of the bioactiveconformations of linear peptides, which is useful to optimize theaffinity of the compounds for their targets. Compounds that can minimizepeptide degradation by exopeptidase and also retain the affinity of thecarrier to its receptor is highly unusual.

The present carbocyanine macrocytic bioconjugates may be inherentlyexcreted by organs other than the liver, such as urinal excretionthrough the kidneys. But this is not completely understood. Thebioconjugates of this invention use hydrophilic units as an integralpart of the cyclic chain which may disrupt solvent-induced aggregationin solution.

Herein cyclization has been successfully used as a strategy to improvethe binding affinities, selectivities, in vivo stability, andpharmacokinetics of bioactive molecules. The conformational restrictionconferred by cyclization facilitates the conformational analysis andbioactive conformation elucidation. In the present invention, thechromophore is flanked by bioactive or chemically useful substituents toachieve the desired molecular or cellular event. Thus, we have disclosedmolecular beacons that combine both cyclic and fluorescent featureswhich offer enormous advantages over existing optical probes.

The molecules disclosed can be used in a variety of applications,including detecting and imaging normal and pathophysiologic conditions;monitoring disease status, organ functions, and the efficacy of drugs;performing in vivo, ex-vivo, and in vitro biological and chemicalmeasurements; detecting microorganisms and pathogens; and monitoring ordetecting environment pollutants.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The novel bioconjugate compounds of the present invention comprisecompounds of Formulas 1 to 18 and can be prepared from any conventionalmethod. Preferably, one integrates peptide and other bioactive moleculesinto a fluorescent chromophore core.

The so called macrocyclization or intramolecular linking andcross-linking alters the ring size of molecules to modify the biologicalcharacteristics of the bioconjugates, such as changing these bioactivecompounds from agonist to antagonist after binding to target a receptor.Thus, changing the ring size serves as an avenue to alter the agonist orantagonist properties of compounds without drastically changing itsstructural framework.

Although it is not completely understood, it is believed that increasingthe molecular volume transforms the excretion pathway from thesize-dependent glomerular filtration mechanism of the kidneys to tubularfiltration, which ensures more rapid elimination of the compound fromblood plasma. Consequently, imaging can be performed more rapidly afterinjection of the imaging agent because the target tissue-to-blood ratioof the macrocyclic compounds can be highly concentrated within hours ofpost injection.

Macrocyclic compounds also have enhanced affinity to different subtypesof target receptors. Optimizing the selectivity of such compounds to thetarget receptor will minimize the negative effects of the compounds onnormal tissue.

As previously stated, changing the macrocyclic ring size can alter thespectral properties of the macrocyclic compounds. This is particularlyimportant for the simultaneous monitoring of two or more physiologicalprocesses simultaneously without using widely different compounds. Thespatial distribution of the functional groups within the bioconjugateallows those groups to interact with each other, thereby making itpossible to completely quench the fluorescence emission by incorporatingin quenchers in shorter ring structures, such as the addition of metalchelates possessing d-orbital lone pair electrons. This characteristicmakes these compounds ideally suited for in vivo and in vitro functionalimaging. Particularly, cleavage of one or more amide bonds within thecyclic ring will transform the cyclic chain into a linear analogue thatminimizes spatial interaction between the quencher and the chromophore,thereby facilitating the detection of fluorescence emission. Themacrocyclic bioconjugate then becomes a highly sensitive probe fordetecting the in vivo or in vitro expression of diagnostic enzymes.

The macrocyclic compounds of the present invention, are characterized bya fluorescence lifetime altered by the macrocyclization, facilitatingthe use of the macrocyclic compounds as highly sensitive molecularprobes in fluorescence lifetime imaging.

The macrocyclic compounds are useful in various biomedical applicationsincluding, but not limited to, tomographic imaging of organs; monitoringof organ functions; coronary angiography; fluorescence endoscopy;detection, imaging, and treatment of pathologic conditions; laser guidedsurgery, photoacoustic and sonofluorescence methods; and the like.Specific embodiments to accomplish some of the aforementioned biomedicalapplications are given below.

For example, the compounds of the invention are useful in opticaltomographic, endoscopic, photoacoustic and sonofluoresence detection andtreatment of tumors and other pathologic conditions. They can beemployed for localized therapy and imaging.

The compounds when targeting tumors and other abnormalities, can bedetected by monitoring the blood clearance profile of the compounds.Alternatively, the compounds serve during laser assisted guided surgery,to detect micrometastases of tumors upon laparoscopy. In yet anotheraspect of the invention, the bioconjugates of this invention arecontrast imaging agents in the diagnosis of atherosclerotic plaques andblood clots; or for monitoring gene or protein expressions; or forphototherapy and multimodal imaging; or nuclear, magnetic resonance, andultrasound imaging.

In a preferred embodiment, the compounds according to the presentinvention have the general Formula 1 wherein a1 and b1 varyindependently from 0 to 3; W¹ and X¹ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of NR_(b), —CCH₃—, C((CH₂)_(a)OH)—, C((CH₂)_(a)CO₂H)—,—C((CH₂)_(a)NH₂)—, and —C((CH₂)_(a)NR_(a)R_(b)); Y¹ and Z¹ areindependently selected from the group consisting of —H, —CR_(a)R_(b),—(CH₂)_(a)—CO₂H, —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CO₂H,—(CH₂)_(a)—N(R_(b))—(CH₂)_(a)—CO₂H, and—(CH₂)_(a)—N(R_(b))—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CO₂H; C1-C10 thioalkyl,C1-C10 aminoalkyl, C1-C10 hydroxyalkyl, —(CH₂), —CONH-Bm,—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CONH-Bm, —(CH₂)_(a)SO₃, —(CH₂)_(a)OPO₃,monosaccharides, disaccharides, metal chelating agents, peptides,proteins, radioactive and non-radioactive metal complexes; thesubscripts a and c vary independently from 1 to 3; and b varies from 1to 50.

In another preferred embodiment, the compounds according to the presentinvention have the general Formula 2 wherein a2 and b2 varyindependently from 0 to 3; W² and X² are independently selected from thegroup consisting of —C(CH₃)₂, C((CH₂)_(a)OH)CH₃, C((CH₂)_(a)OH)₂,C((CH₂)_(a)CO₂H)CH₃, C((CH₂)_(a)CO₂H)₂, C((CH₂)_(a)CONHR_(b))CH₃,C((CH₂)_(a)CONHR_(b))₂, C((CH₂)_(a)NH₂)CH₃, C((CH₂)_(a)NH₂)₂,C(CH₂)_(a)NR_(a)R_(b))CH₃, C((CH₂)_(a)NR_(a)R_(b))₂; —O—, —NR_(b), and—S—; Y² and Z² are independently selected from the group consisting of—C(CH₃)—, C(CH₂)_(a)OH)—, C(CH₂)_(a)OR_(a))—, C((CH₂)_(a)CO₂H)—,C(CH₂)_(a)COR_(a))—, C((CH₂)_(a)CONHR_(b))—, C(CH₂)_(a)NH₂)—,C(CH₂)_(a)NR_(a)R_(b))—, C(CH₂)_(a)OH)—(CH₂)_(a)CO—, C((CH₂)_(a)OR_(a))(CH₂)_(a)O—, C(CH₂)_(a)COR_(a))—(CH₂)_(a)NH—, C((CH₂)_(a)CONHR_(b))—,C((CH₂)_(a)NH₂)—, C((CH₂)_(a)NR_(a)R_(b))—, —C1-C5 alkyl, C1-C10 aryl,C1-C10 alkoxyl, C1-C6 carboxyl, C1-C7 aminoalkyl, —(CH₂)_(a)—NR_(a)—,—CH₂(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—O—, —(CH₂)_(a)—OC₂—,—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CO₂—, —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—NR_(a)—,—(CH₂)_(a)—NHCO-Bm-, —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—NR_(b)CO-Bm,—(CH₂)_(a)—N(R_(b))—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CONR_(b)-Bm-,monosaccharides, disaccharides, metal chelating agents, peptides,proteins, radioactive and non-radioactive metal complexes; thesubscripts a and c vary independently from 1 to 3; and b varies from 1to 50.

In another preferred embodiment, the compounds according to the presentinvention have the general Formula 3 wherein a3 and b3 vary isindependently from 0 to 3; W³ and X³ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of NR_(b), —CCH₃—, C((CH₂)_(a)OH)—, C((CH₂)_(a)CO₂H)—,—C((CH₂)_(a)NH₂)—, and —C((CH₂)_(a)NR_(a)R_(b)); Y³ and Z³ areindependently selected from the group consisting of —H, —CR_(a)R_(b),—(CH₂)_(a)—CO₂H, —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CO₂H,—(CH₂)_(a)—N(R_(b))—(CH₂)_(a)—CO₂H, and—(CH₂)_(a)—N(R_(b))—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CO₂H; C1-C10 thioalkyl,C1-C10 aminoalkyl, C1-C10 hydroxyalkyl, —(CH₂)_(a)—CONH-Bm,—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CONH-Bm, —(CH₂)_(a)SO₃, —(CH₂)_(a)OPO₃,monosaccharides, disaccharides, metal chelating agents, peptides,proteins, radioactive and non-radioactive metal complexes; thesubscripts a and c vary independently from 1 to 3; and b varies from 1to 50.

In another preferred embodiment, the compounds according to the presentinvention have the general Formula 4 wherein a4 and b4 varyindependently from 0 to 3; W⁴ and X⁴ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of —C(CH₃)₂, C((CH₂)_(a)OH)CH₃, C((CH₂)_(a)OH)₂,C((CH₂)_(a)CO₂H)CH₃, C((CH₂)_(a)CO₂H)₂, C((CH₂)_(a)CONHR_(b))CH₃,C((CH₂)_(a)CONHR_(b))₂, C((CH₂)_(a)NH₂)CH₃, C((CH₂)_(a)NH₂)²,C((CH₂)_(a)NR_(a)R_(b))CH₃, C((CH₂)_(a)NR_(a)R_(b))₂; —O—, —NR_(b), and—S—; Y⁴ and Z⁴ are independently selected from the group consisting of—C(CH₃)—C(CH₂)_(a)OH)—, C(CH₂)_(a)OR_(a))—, C((CH₂)_(a)CO₂H)—,C(CH₂)_(a)COR_(a))—, C((CH₂)_(a)CONHR_(b))—, C(CH₂)_(a)NH₂)—,C(CH₂)_(a)NR_(a)R_(b))—, C(CH₂)_(a)OH)—(CH₂)_(a)CO—, C((CH₂)_(a)OR_(a))(CH₂)_(a)O—, C(CH₂)_(a)COR_(a))—(CH₂)_(a)NH—, C((CH₂)_(a)CONHR_(b))—,C((CH₂)_(a)NH₂)—, C((CH₂)_(a)NR_(a)R_(b))—, —C1-C5 alkyl, C1-C10 aryl,C1-C10 alkoxyl, C1-C6 carboxyl, C1-C7 aminoalkyl, —(CH₂)_(a)—NR_(a)—,—CH₂(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—O—, —(CH₂)_(a)—CO₂—,—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CO₂—, —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—NR_(a)—,—(CH₂)_(a)—NHCO-Bm-, —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—NR_(b)CO-Bm,—(CH₂)_(a)—N(R_(b))—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CONR_(b)-Bm-,monosaccharides, disaccharides, metal chelating agents, peptides,proteins, radioactive and non-radioactive metal complexes; thesubscripts a and c vary independently from 1 to 3; and b varies from 1to 50.

In particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the bioconjugatesaccording to Formulas 1, 2, 3, and 4 have a1 and a2, b1 and b2 being 3and R¹ to R⁹ and those defined in the same manner as R¹ and R⁹ beinghydrogen, and where Bm is selected from RGD peptide derivatives, i.e.those having arginine, glycine, and aspartic acid peptide sequence.

In a preferred embodiment, the methods of the invention utilize light ofa wavelength in the region of 350-1300 nm.

In a preferred embodiment, a therapeutic procedure comprises attaching aporphyrin to a bioconjugate and using it for photodynamic therapy orshining light of a specific wavelength on the dipeptide conjugate ofthis invention to achieve a photodynamic therapy effect.

The bioconjugates of the invention can be formulated into diagnosticcompositions for enteral or parenteral administration. Thesecompositions contain an effective amount of the compound along withconventional pharmaceutical carriers and excipients appropriate for thetype of administration contemplated. For example, parenteralformulations advantageously contain a sterile aqueous solution orsuspension of compounds according to this invention. Parenteralcompositions may be injected directly or mixed with a large volumeparenteral composition for systemic administration. Such parenteralsolutions also may contain pharmaceutically acceptable buffers and,optionally, electrolytes such as sodium chloride. Compositions forenteral administration may vary widely, as is well known in the art. Ingeneral, such formulations are liquids which include an effective amountof the compound in aqueous solution or suspension. Such enteralcompositions may optionally include buffers, surfactants, thixotropicagents, and the like. Compositions for oral administration may alsocontain flavoring agents and other ingredients for enhancing theirorganoleptic qualities.

Diagnostic compositions continuing compounds of this invention areadministered in doses effective to achieve the desired enhancement. Suchdoses may vary widely, depending upon the particular compound employed,the organs or tissues which are the subject of the imaging procedure,the imaging equipment being used, and the like. The diagnosticcompositions of the invention are used in the conventional manner. Thecompositions may be administered to a patient, typically a warm-bloodedanimal, either systemically or locally to the organ or tissue to beimaged, and the patient then subjected to the imaging procedure.Combinations of the above described compounds, compositions and usesalso represent important approaches to the synthesis and use ofcarbocyanine compounds with a variety of photophysical and chemicalproperties for the biomedical advancements of this invention.

The present invention is further detailed in the following Examples,which are offered by way of illustration and are not intended to limitthe scope of the invention in any manner.

Example 1 Synthesis of 1,1,2-trimethyl[1H]-benz[e]indole-3-propanoicacid (1)

A mixture of 1,1,2-trimethyl[1H]-benz[e]indole (10.0 g, 47.8 mmol) and3-bromopropanoic acid (7.3 g, 47.8 mmol) in 1,2-dichlorobenzene (50 mL)was heated with stirring at 110° C. for 18 h. After the resultingmixture was cooled to room temperature, the precipitated was collectedby filtration, triturated with DCM thoroughly, and dried under vacuum toafford 15.2 g of light brown powder (88%). ESI-MS: observed for[MH]⁺281.31.

Example 2 Synthesis of bispropylcarboxymethylindocyanine dye viapre-acetylation (Cypate, 2)

A solution of Ac₂O (1.20 g, 11.75 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was addeddrop-wise to a cooled, stirring suspension of glutaconaldehyde dianilidemonohydrochloride (2.84 g, 9.97 mmol) and DIEA (2.60 g, 20.11 mmol) inDCM (20 mL). The resulting clear solution was stirred for another 1 hand concentrated. The residue was dissolved in methanol (5.0 mL) wasadded drop-wise to a refluxing solution of 1 (10.0 g, 27.62 mmol) andsodium acetate (3.9 g, 47.54 mmol) in methanol (50 mL). The mixture wasrefluxed for another 16 h and concentrated. The residue was washed withethyl acetate, 5% HCl solution, and ethyl acetate. The crude product wasfurther purified by re-crystallization from acetonitrile/water (3:7) toafford 4.3 g (61%). ESI-MS: observed for [MH]⁺ 625.34.

Example 3 Synthesis of Symmetrical Dyes at Room Temperature

To a stirred and cooled solution of 1 (7.2 g, 19.87 mmol), di-tertbutyliminodiacetate (6.0 g, 24.46 mmol), and HOBT (2.68 g, 19.85 mmol) in DMFwas added EDCI (4.5 g, 23.47 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 3 h andconcentrated. The residue was dissolved in DCM (50 mL), washed with 5%HCl solution, 5% NaHCO₃, brine, and dried over Na₂SO₄. Purification byflash column chromatography afforded 3 (7.0 g, 60%).

A solution of Ac₂O (67 mg) in DCM (5 mL) was added drop-wise to acooled, stirring suspension of glutaconaldehyde dianilidemonohydrochloride (60 mg, 0.21 mmol) and TEA (67 mg, 0.66 mmol) in DCM(5 mL), stirred for 10 min. To the resulting clear solution was added asolution of 3 (300 mg, 0.51 mmol) and TEA (52 mg) in DCM (5 mL). Themixture was stirred at room temperature for 72 h, washed with 5% HClsolution, 5% NaHCO₃ solution, and brine, filtered, and concentrated. Thecrude product was further purified by flash column chromatography toafford the desired product 4 (158 mg, 65%). ESI-MS: observed for[MH]⁺1079.49.

Example 4 Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Dyes Via Benzolate Intermediate

A solution of benzoyl chloride (17 mg, 0.12 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) wasadded drop-wise to a cooled, stirring suspension of glutaconaldehydedianilide monohydrochloride (28 mg, 0.10 mmol) and DIEA (30 mg, 0.3mmol) in DCM (5 mL). The resulting clear solution was stirred foranother 2 h and was added dropwise into a solution of 1 (30 mg, 0.083mmol). The mixture was stirred for overnight, followed by adding 3 (70.7mg, 0.12 mmol). The mixture was refluxed for 12 h, washed with 5% HClsolution, H₂O, and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated.Purification by flash column chromatography afforded 6 (32.6 mg, 35%).ES-MS: [MH]⁺ 852.41.

Example 5 Synthesis of Cypate3 (7)

Cypate3 was similarly prepared from malconaldehyde dianilmonohydrochloride by using the procedure described above for 2. Thecrude product was further purified by re-crystallization with 30%aqueous acetonitrile and dried to afford 3.2 g (˜60%). Observed for[MH]⁺, 599.32.

Example 6 Synthesis of Cypate2 (8)

A mixture of HC(OC₂H₅)₃ (74.1 mg) and 1 (362.0 mg, 1.0 mmol),2,6-lutidine (215 mg) in ethanol (20 mL) was heated with stirring at100° C. for 3 h. The solvent was removed by evaporation and washed withether and 10% hydrochloric acid solution and the crude product wasre-crystallized from CH₃CN/H₂O to afford 8 (140 mg, 43%). Observed for[MH]⁺, 573.41.

Example 7 Synthesis of Cyclic Cypate-Lys Conjugate (9)

Fmoc-Lys was attached to Rink amide resin (60 mg, 0.0366 mmol) and theFmoc was deprotected by piperidine in DMF (20%). A solution of Cypate(129 mg, 5 equiv), HOBT(24.7 mg), and DIC (11.5 mg, 2.5 equiv) in DMF (3mL) was added into the resin and swirled overnight. After filtered, theresin was washed with DMF and DCM, cleaved with TFA/H2O (95:5) for 3 h,filtered, concentrated, and dried. The crude product was dissolved in 20mL DCM and added dropwise into a stirred solution of PyBOP (38 mg), HOBT(9.9 mg), and DIEA (18.9 mg) in DCM/DMF(195:5, 200 mL) and the resultingmixture was stirred overnight, concentrated, and purified by HPLC toafforded 1.5 mg of the desired product.

Example 8 Synthesis of Cyclic Cypate-tripeptide Conjugate (11)

The resin-bound tripeptide 10 was assembled from Fmoc-Thr(But)-Wangresin (0.61 mmol/g, 60 mg) using the conventional Fmoc chemistry. Theobtained resin was deblocked first by piperidine, followed by theremoval of the trityl group of Lys using a solution of TFA and TIS inDCM (1:5:94). After the resin was washed thoroughly with a solution ofDIEA in DMF (10%) and DMF, a mixture of 2 (38.7 mg, 0.055 mmol), HOBT(14.8 mg, 0.11 mmol), and DIC (14 mg, 0.11 mmol) in DMF was added intothe resin and the mixture was swirled overnight, filtered, washed withDMF, DCM, and cleaved with TFA/H₂O (95:5) for 3 h, concentrated, anddried. Purification by HPLC afforded 11 (2.3 mg).

Example 9 Synthesis of Cyclic Cypate-tetrapeptide Conjugate (12)

The resin-bound tetrapeptide was assembled from Fmoc-Thr(But)-Wang resin(60 mg, 0.61 mmol/g) using conventional Fmoc chemistry. The Fmoc and Ddeprotecting groups were deprotected by piperidine/DMF(20%) and 2%hydrazine/DMF, respectively. After washed with DMF, DIEA in DMF solution(10%), CH₃OH, and DMF, the resin was swirled with a solution of 2 (38.7mg, 0.055 mmol), HOBT (14.8 mg, 0.11 mmol), and DIC (14 mg, 0.11 mmol)overnight. The resin was filtered, and washed with DMF, CH₃OH, and DCM,cleavaged with TFA/H₂O (95:5) for 1 h. The product was obtained by HPLCpurification (3.45 mg).

Example 10 Synthesis of Cyclic Cypate-hexapeptide Conjugate (10)

The title compound 14 was prepared similarly from Rink amide resin (250mg, 0.15 mmol) using the procedure described for 13. 3.1 mg of 15 wasobtained.

Example 11 Synthesis of Cyclic Cypate-nonapeptide Conjugate (15)

The title compound 15 was prepared similarly from Rink amide resin (0.25mg, 0.15 mmol) using the procedure described for 13. 2.5 mg of 15 wasobtained.

Example 12 Synthesis of Cyclic Cypate-Bombesin Conjugate (16)

The resin-bound bombesin analog, i.e.Fmoc-Gln(Trt)-Trp(Boc)-Val-Ala-Gly-His(Trt)-Leu-Met-Lys(Boc)-Rink-Amideresin was assembled from Rink amide-resin (50 mg, 0.031 mmol) based onthe conventional Fmoc chemistry. After the N-terminal Fmoc was removedby piperidine in DMF (20%), a solution of Cypate (211.5 mg, 0.3 mmol),HOBT (40.5 mg, 0.30 mmol), DIC (126.0 mg, 0.1 mmol) was added. Theresulting mixture was swirled overnight at room temperature. The resinwas washed with DMF and DCM, cleaved with a TFA solution(TFA:Phenol:thioanisole:water v:v 85:5:5:5, 4 ml) (2 h), andconcentrated. The product was precipitated in cooled tert-butyl methylether to afford 2.8 mg of the crude intermediate 16.

A solution of 30 mg of 16 in DMF (5 mL) was added dropwise into asolution of PyBOP (26.7 mg), HOBT (7.0 mg), and DIEA (25 mg) in DCM (300mL) containing 10 ml of DMF. The mixture was stirred overnight,concentrated, and purified by HPLC to afforded 16 (8 mg, 27%). ESI-MS:

[MH]⁺1657.69, [MH₂]²⁺829.47

Example 13 Synthesis of Cyclic Cypate-Octreotide Conjugate (18)

The resin-bound peptide, i.e.Fmoc-dF-C(Acm)-Y(But)-dW(Boc)-K(Boc)-T(But)-C(Acm)-T(But)-K(Dde)-NH-Resinwere assembled starting from Rink amide-resin (50 mg, 0.061 mmol/g)based on the so conventional Fmoc chemistry. Typically, each syntheticcycle consisted of (i) a 20-min deprotection with 20% piperidine in DMF,(ii) coupling with a solution of Fmoc-amino acid (2 equiv), HBTU (2equiv), HOBT (2 equiv), and DIEA (4 equiv) in DMF (5 mL) for 2 h. Asmonitored by the ninhydrin test, single coupling of one hour was usuallycomplete. After the sequence assembly was finished, the linear peptidewas treated with thallium(III) trifluoroacetate (2.0 equiv) in DMF for1.5 h to form the disulfide bond, followed by Fmoc deprotection (using20% piperidine), and washed with DMF and DCM, and Dde deprotection(using 2% hydrazine solution in DMF for 3 min (3 mLX3), and washed withDMF, CH₃OH, 2% DIEA in DMF, and DMF. To the resulting resin-boundpeptide was added a solution of Cypate (22.0 mg, 0.03 mmol), HOBT (8.1mg, 0.06 mmol), PyBOP (39.0 mg, 0.075 mmol) and DIEA (15.5 mg, 0.12mmol) in DMF (2.5 mL). The resulting mixture was agitated for 5 h atroom temperature. The resin was washed with DMF and DCM, cleaved with aTFA solution (TFA:Phenol:thioanisole:water v:v 85:5:5:5, 4 ml), andconcentrated. The product was precipitated in cooled tert-butyl methylether and purified by semi-preparative HPLC to afford 2.8 mg in a yieldof 4%. Analytical HPLC RT=17.13 min; ESI-MS: observed for [MH₂]⁺883.5and [MH]⁺ 1765.7.

Example 14 Synthesis of Cyclic Cypate3-Octreotide Conjugate (19)

Preparation of this title compound was performed from Fmoc-ProtectedOctreotide peptide—Wang resin by the same procedure described in Example13 using Cypate3 (7) instead of Cypate4 (2).

Example 15 Synthesis of Cyclic Cypate2-Octreotide Conjugate (20)

Preparation of this title compound was performed from Fmoc-ProtectedOctreotide peptide—Wang resin by the same procedure described in Example13 using Cypate2 (8) instead of Cypate4 (2).

Example 16 Synthesis of Substituted Cypate4 (21) and its OctreotideConjugate (22)

A similar method described in Example 2 and 13 was used to prepare thetitle compounds.

Example 17 Synthesis of Rigid Cypate4 (23) and its Cyclic OctreotideConjugate (24)

A similar method described in Example 2 and 13 was used to prepare thetitle compounds.

Example 18 Synthesis of Rigid Cypate4 (25) and its Cyclic OctreotideConjugate (26)

Example 19 Synthesis of Cyclic Substituted Cypate4-RGD PeptideConjugates (27)

The RGD peptide analog was assembled on 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin byconventional Fmoc chemistry. The conjugation and cyclization wereperformed using the similar procedure described in Example 12 usingsubstituted cypate4 in the place of Cypate4 and the protected RGDpeptide instead of bombesin peptide.

Example 20 Synthesis of Cyclic Cypate2- and Cypate3-RGD PeptideConjugates (28)

The title compounds were prepared using the similar procedure describedin Example 12 using substituted cypate2 (8) and cypate3 (7) in the placeof Cypate4 and the protected RGD peptide instead of bombesin peptide.

Example 21 Conjugation of Rigid Cypate4 (23) with RGD Peptide Analog(29)

The title compounds were prepared using the similar procedure describedin Example 17 using the protected RGD peptide instead of Octreotidepeptide.

Example 22 Conjugation of Rigid Cypate4 (25) with RGD Peptide Analog(30)

The title compounds were prepared using the similar procedure describedin Example 18 using the protected RGD peptide in the place of Octreotidepeptide.

Example 23 Conjugation of Cypate4 Analog with RGD Peptide Analog (31)

The title compound was prepared using the similar procedure described inExample 16.

Example 24 Conjugation of Cypate4 Analog with RGD Peptide Analog (32)

The title compound was prepared using the similar procedure described inExample 23.

Example 25 Conjugation of Cypate4 Analog with RGD Peptide Analog (33)

The title compound was prepared using the similar procedure described inExample 23.

Example 25 Determination of Spectral Properties of Optical Probes

The absorption and emission spectral properties of representativeoptical probes prepared are shown in FIGS. 1-7. Stock solutions (1.0 mM)of the probes were prepared by dissolving in anhydrous DMSO (99.99%).The spectral measurements were obtained by sequentially adding0.5.about.2.0 μL aliquots of the stock solutions via a micropipette into3 mL of 25% aqueous DMSO solution in a quartz cuvette and stirring forequilibration prior to acquiring the spectra.

Example 26 Determination of Receptor Binding Affinity of FluorescentProbes (Part A)

The binding affinity of somatostatin analogues was carried out using¹¹¹In-DTPA-octreotide in AR42J tumor cells according to previousreported methods with minor modifications (Lewis, J. S., Lewis, M. R.,Srinivansan, A., Schmidt, M. A., Wang, J., and Anderson, C. J. (1999)Comparison of Four ⁶⁴Cu-labeled Somatostatin Analogs in vitro and in aTumor-bearing Rat Model: Evaluation of New Derivatives for PET Imagingand Targeted Radiotherapy. J. Med. Chem. 42, 1341-1347). The AR42J ratpancreatic carcinoma cell line is known to express SSTR2 both in vitroand in vivo ((Rosewicz, S., Vogt, D., Harth, N., Grund, C., Franke, W.W., Ruppert, S., Schweitzer, E., Riecken, E.-O., and Wiedenman, B.(1992) An Amphicrine Pancreatic Cell Line: AR42J Cells Combine Exocrineand Neuroendocrine Properties. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 59, 80-91; Christophe,J. (1994) Pancreatic Tumoral Cell Line AR42J: An Amphicrine Model. Am.J. Physiol.(Gastrointest. Liver Physiol.) 266 (29), G963-G971). Apreparation of cell membranes was made from AR42J cells by briefsonication in ice-cold 50 mM Tris buffer containing 1.0 mM EGTA, 0.5 mMPMSF 0.01 mg/ml, leupeptin, 0.2 mg/ml bacitracin, 0.01 mg/ml pepstatin.The suspension was centrifuged at 13,000 rpm and 4° C. for 10 min. andthe pelleted membranes were re-suspended in ice-cold 50 mM Tris buffer.Assays were performed using Millipore FC96 plates and the MilliporeMultiscreen system (Bedford, Mass.) (1). Triplicates of 50 μl membranes(60 μg/well) were incubated with 50 μl radioligand (30-40,000 cpm) andincreasing concentration cold competitors in binding buffer (50 mMTris-HCl, 5 mM MgCl₂, 0.1 mg/ml BSA) in a total volume of 250 μl perwell at 37° C. for 2 h. Following incubation, membranes were filtered ona vacuum manifold and washed twice with binding buffer. The filterscontaining membrane-bound radioactivity were removed from the assayplate and counted using a Beckman 8000 automated well-typed counter(Fullerton, Calif.). Specific binding was calculated by subtracting thenon-specifically bound radioactivity from that of total binding. Thebest-fit IC₅₀ values were calculated using PRISM™ (Graphpad, San Diego,Calif.). Radiolabeling of DTPA-octreotide with ¹¹¹In was carried out in0.1 M NaOAc (pH 6.5, room temperature, 30 min incubation) specificactivity of and radiochemical purity was confirmed greater than 98% byradio TLC. The specific activity of ¹¹¹In-DTPA-octreotide ranged from1200 Ci/mmol to 1500 Ci/mmol.

Analysis of the receptor binding assay of a representativesomatostatin-avid macrocyclic molecule (compound 18) shows that it hasan IC₅₀ value of 8.17 nM relative to ¹¹¹In-DTPA-octreotide,demonstrating that the peptide's receptor binding affinity was retainedin the nanomolar range.

Experimental Competing Ligand IC50 (nM) 95% CI (nM) Compound 18 8.1704.94-13.52

Contrast Agent-mediated Optical Imaging of Tumors (Part B)

The instrument consists of an excitation source and a charge-coupleddevice (CCD) camera for signal detection. To image compounds such ascompound 18 that absorb and emit radiation in the near infrared region,a nominal 780 nm collimated solid state laser source was used to excitethe compounds. The nominal 50 mW of incident power from the laser wasreduced to about 20 mW at the output of the fiber optic bundle. A CCDcamera (12 bit, 1024×1024 pixel, back illuminated) was equipped with theappropriate interference filter to capture the emitted photons at 830nm. Biodistribution of the dyes and receptor-specific optical contrastagent in mice were performed by injecting 0.5 mL of a 1 μM solution ofthe compound via the lateral tail vein of tumor (CA20948) bearing mice.The precursor compound to macrocyclization (compound 2) clears from theblood within 1 h postinjection and accumulates in the liver. Incontrast, injection of somatostatin-avid optical probes in CA20948tumor-bearing mice preferentially accumulates in the tumor.

While the invention has been disclosed by reference to the details ofpreferred embodiments of the invention, it is to be understood that thedisclosure is intended in an illustrative rather than in a limitingsense, as it is contemplated that modifications will readily occur tothose skilled in the art, within the spirit of the invention and thescope of the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 depicts the (A) structure, (B) UV-Vis spectrum, and (C) emissionspectrum of cypate2 (8).

FIG. 2 depicts the (A) structure, (B) UV-Vis spectrum, and (C) emissionspectrum of cypate3 (7).

FIG. 3 depicts the (A) structure, (B) UV-Vis spectrum, and (C) emissionspectrum of cypate4 (2).

FIG. 4 depicts the (A) structure, (B) UV-Vis spectrum, and (C) emissionspectrum of cyclo(cypate-octreotide) (18).

FIG. 5 depicts the (A) structure, (B) UV-Vis spectrum, and (C) emissionspectrum of ICG.

FIG. 6 depicts the (A) structure, (B) UV-Vis spectrum, and (C) emissionspectrum of cyclo(cypate2-DPhe-Lys)-Thr-OH.

FIG. 7 depicts the (A) structure, (B) UV-Vis spectrum, and (C) emissionspectrum of cyclo(cypate3-DPhe-Lys)-Thr-OH.

LIST OF REFERENCES

-   Becker A, Licha K, Kress M and Riefke B (1999). “Transferrin    Mediated Tumor Delivery of Contrast Media for Optical Imaging and    Magnetic Resonancelmaging”, Biomedical Optics meeting, Jan. 23-29,    1999, San Jose, Calif.-   Brinkley M (1993). “A Brief Survey of Methods for Preparing Protein    Conjugates with Dyes, Haptens, and Cross-Linking Reagents”,    Perspectives in Bioconjugate Chemistry (Ed. Claude Meares, ACS    Publication, Washington, D.C.), pp. 59-70.-   de Jong M, et al. (1998). Cancer Res. 58:437-441.-   Jain R K (1994). “Barriers to Drug Delivery in Solid Tumors”,    Scientific American 271:58-65.-   Patonay G and Antoine M D (1991). “Near-Infrared Fluorogenic Labels:    New Approach to an Old Problem”, Analytical Chemistry, 63:321 A-327A    and references therein.-   Slavik J (1994). Fluorescent Probes in Cellular and Molecular    Biology (CRC Press, Inc.).-   Patents and Published Patent Applications Lee LG and Woo SL.    “N-Heteroaromatic ion and iminium ion substituted cyanine dyes for    use as fluorescence labels”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,453,505.-   Hohenschuh E, et al. “Light imaging contrast agents”, WO 98/48846.-   Turner J, et al. “Optical diagnostic agents for diagnosis of    neurodegenerative diseases by means of near infrared radiation (NIR    radiation)”, WO 98/22146.-   Licha K, et al. “In-vivo diagnostic process by near infrared    radiation”, WO 96/17628.-   Snow R A, et al., “Compounds”, WO 98/48838.

1-22. (canceled)
 23. A macrocyclic bioconjugate imaging agent comprisingFormula 1:

wherein: a1 and b1 vary from 0 to 7; W¹ and X¹ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of CR_(a), NR_(b), P, P(O)R_(c); Y¹and Z¹ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H,—CR_(a)R_(b), C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C10 aryl, C1-C10 alkoxyl, C1-C20polyalkoxyalkyl, C1-C10 thioalkyl, C1-C10 carboxylic acid, C1-C10aminoalkyl, C1-C10 hydroxyalkyl, C5-C20 polyhydroxyaryl,—(CH₂)_(a)—NR_(a)R_(b), —CH₂(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—OR_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)—CO₂R_(e), —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CO₂R_(e),—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—NR_(a)R_(b),—(CH₂)_(a)—N(R_(b))—(CH₂)_(c)—CO₂R_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)—N(R_(b))—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CO₂R_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)—CONR_(b)-Bm, —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CONR_(b)-Bm,—(CH₂)_(a)—NR_(b)CO-Bm, —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂NR_(b)CO-Bm,—(CH₂)_(a)—NR_(b)CO-Bm, —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂NR_(b)CO-Bm,—(CH₂)_(a)—N(R_(b))—(CH₂)_(c)—CONR_(b)-Bm,—(CH₂)_(a)—N(R_(b))—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CONR_(b)-Bm,—(CH₂)_(a)SO₃R_(e), —(CH₂)_(a)S(O)R_(e), —(CH₂)_(a)SR_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)OSO₃R_(e), —(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)SO₃R_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)CO₂(CH₂)_(b)SO₃—(CH₂)_(a)SO₃R_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)OCO(CH₂)_(c)SO₃R_(e), —(CH₂)_(a)CONR_(b)(CH₂)_(c)SO₃R_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CO(CH₂)_(c)SO₃R_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CONR_(c)(CH₂)_(c)SO₃R_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CSNR_(c)(CH₂)_(c)SO₃R_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)OCONR_(e)(CH₂)_(c)SO₃R_(e), —(CH₂)_(a)PO₃R_(e)R_(f),—(CH₂)_(a)OPO₃R_(e)R_(f), —(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)PO₃R_(e)R_(f),—(OH₂)_(a)CO₂(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)R_(f),—(CH₂)_(a)OCO(CH₂)_(b)PO₃R_(e)R_(f),—(CH₂)_(a)CONR_(b)(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)R_(f),—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CO(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)R_(f),—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CONR_(c)(CH₂)_(b)PO₃R_(e)R_(f),—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CSNH(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)R_(f),—(CH₂)_(a)OCONR_(b)(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)R_(f), cyano, nitro, halogen,saccharide, peptide, protein, cell, glycopeptide, peptidomimetic, drug,hormone, metal chelating agent, radioactive metal complex,non-radioactive metal complex, echogenic agent, and arylpolysulfonates;the subscripts a and c independently vary from 1-20, and b varies from1-100; R_(a), R_(b), and R_(c) are defined in the same manner as R¹;R_(e) and R_(f) are independently a hydrogen or a negatively-chargedgroup or are defined in the same manner as R¹; Bm is a bioactive domainselected from the group consisting of a peptide, protein, antibody,antibody fragment, oligosaccharide, drug, glypomimetic, cell,glycopeptide, peptidomimetic, hormone, metal chelating group,radioactive metal complex, non-radioactive metal complex, and echogenicagent; R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² are independently a hydrophilic or lipophiliclinker or a bioactive domain defined in the same manner as Bm, or R¹⁰ toR¹² may be combined as a functional unit defined in the same manner asBm; R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ are defined in the samemanner as Bm, or are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C14 aryl, C1-C20 alkoxyl, C1-C20polyalkoxyalkyl, C1-C20 thioalkyl, C1-C20 carboxyl, C1-C20 aminoalkyl,C1-C20 hydroxyalkyl, C5-C20 polyhydroxyaryl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic,sulfonate, sulfate, thiol, sulfide, thiother, phosphonate, phosphate,phosphite, carboxylate, amino aryl, cyano, nitro, halogen, saccharide,hydrophilic peptide, lipophilic peptide, bioactive peptide, protein,cell, glycopeptide, peptidomimetic, drug, hormone, metal chelatinggroup, radioactive metal complex, non-radioactive metal complex,echogenic agent, arylpolysulfonate, fused aryl, and radioisotope; two ormore R¹ to R⁹ may combine to form aromatic derivatives.
 24. Themacrocyclic bioconjugate imaging agent of claim 23, wherein the compoundcomprises Formula 3:

wherein: a3 and b3 vary from 0 to 7; W³ and X³ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of CR_(a), NR_(b), P, P(O)R_(c); Y³and Z³ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H,—CR_(a)R_(b), C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C10 aryl, C1-C10 alkoxyl, C1-C20polyalkoxyalkyl, C1-C10 thioalkyl, C1-C10 carboxylic acid, C1-C10aminoalkyl, C1-C10 hydroxyalkyl, C5-C20 polyhydroxyaryl,—(CH₂)_(a)—NR_(a)R_(b), —CH₂(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—OR_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)—CO₂R_(e), —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CO₂R_(e),—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—NR_(a)R_(b),—(CH₂)_(a)—N(R_(b))—(CH₂)_(c)—CO₂R_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)—N(R_(b))—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CO₂R_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)—CONR_(b)-Bm, —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CONR_(b)-Bm,—(CH₂)_(a)—NR_(b)CO-Bm, —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂NR_(b)CO-Bm,—(CH₂)_(a)—NR_(b)CO-Bm, —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂NR_(b)CO-Bm,—(CH₂)_(a)—N(R_(b))—(CH₂)_(c)—CONR_(b)-Bm,—(CH₂)_(a)—N(R_(b))—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CONR_(b)-Bm,—(CH₂)_(a)SO₃R_(e), —(CH₂)_(a)S(O)R_(e), —(CH₂)_(a)SR_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)OSO₃R_(e), —(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)SO₃R_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)CO₂(CH₂)_(b)SO₃—(CH₂)_(a)SO₃R_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)OCO(CH₂)_(c)SO₃R_(e), —(CH₂)_(a)CONR_(b)(CH₂)_(c)SO₃R_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CO(CH₂)_(c)SO₃R_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CONR_(c)(CH₂)_(c)SO₃R_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CSNR_(c)(CH₂)_(c)SO₃R_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)OCONR_(e)(CH₂)_(c)SO₃R_(e), —(CH₂)_(a)PO₃R_(e)R_(f),—(CH₂)_(a)OPO₃R_(e)R_(f), —(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)PO₃R_(e)R_(f),—(CH₂)_(a)CO₂(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)R_(f),—(CH₂)_(a)OCO(CH₂)_(b)PO₃R_(e)R_(f),—(CH₂)_(a)CONR_(b)(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)R_(f),—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CO(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)R_(f),—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CONR_(c)(CH₂)_(b)PO₃R_(e)R_(f),—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CSNH(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)R_(f),—(CH₂)_(a)OCONR_(b)(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)R_(f), cyano, nitro, halogen,saccharide, peptide, protein, cell, glycopeptide, peptidomimetic, drug,hormone, metal chelating agent, radioactive metal complex,non-radioactive metal complex, echogenic agent, and arylpolysulfonate;the subscripts a and c independently vary from 1-20, and b varies from1-100; R_(a), R_(b), and R_(c) are defined in the same manner as R²⁵;R_(e) and R_(f) are independently a hydrogen or a negatively-chargedgroup or are defined in the same manner as R²⁵; Bm is a bioactive domainselected from the group consisting of a peptide, protein, antibody,antibody fragment, oligosaccharide, drug, glypomimetic, cell,glycopeptide, peptidomimetic, hormone, metal chelating group,radioactive metal complex, non-radioactive metal complex, and echogenicagent; R³⁸, R³⁹, and R⁴⁰ are independently a hydrophilic or lipophiliclinker or a bioactive domain defined in the same manner as Bm, or R¹⁰ toR¹² may be combined as a functional unit defined in the same manner asBm; R²⁵, R²⁶, R²⁷, R²⁸, R²⁹, R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, R³⁴, R³⁵, R³⁶, and R³⁷are defined in the same manner as Bm, or are independently selected fromthe group consisting of hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C14 aryl, C1-C20alkoxyl, C1-C20 polyalkoxyalkyl, C1-C20 thioalkyl, C1-C20 carboxyl,C1-C20 aminoalkyl, C1-C20 hydroxyalkyl, C5-C20 polyhydroxyaryl,carbocyclic, heterocyclic, sulfonate, sulfate, thiol, sulfide, thiother,phosphonate, phosphate, phosphite, carboxylate, amino aryl, cyano,nitro, halogen, saccharide, hydrophilic peptide, lipophilic peptide,bioactive peptide, protein, cell, glycopeptide, peptidomimetic, drug,hormone, metal chelating group, radioactive metal complex,non-radioactive metal complex, echogenic agent, arylpolysulfonate, fusedaryl, and radioisotope; two or more R²⁵ to R³⁷ may combine to formaromatic derivatives.
 25. A macrocyclic bioconjugate imaging agentcomprising Formula 2:

wherein: a2 and b2 vary from 0 to 7; W² and X² are independentlyselected from the group consisting of —CR_(a)R_(b), —O—, —NR_(b), —S—,and —Se; Y² and Z² are independently selected from the group consistingof —CR_(a), C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C10 aryl, C1-C10 alkoxyl, C1-C20polyalkoxyalkyl, C1-C10 thioalkyl, C1-C10 carboxylic acid, C1-C10aminoalkyl, C1-C10 hydroxyalkyl, C5-C20 polyhydroxyaryl,—(CH₂)_(a)—NR_(a)—, —CH₂(CH₂—O—OH₂)_(b)—CH₂—O—, —(CH₂)_(a)—CO₂—,—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CO₂—, —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—NR_(a)—,—(CH₂)_(a)—N(R_(b))—(CH₂)_(c)—CO₂R_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)—N(R_(b))—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CO₂R_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)—CONR_(b)-Bm-, —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CONR_(b)-Bm-,—(CH₂)_(a)—NR_(b)CO-Bm-, —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂NR_(b)CO-Bm-,—(CH₂)_(a)—NR_(b)CO-Bm-, —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂NR_(b)CO-Bm-,—(CH₂)_(a)—N(R_(b))—(CH₂)_(c)—CONR_(b)-Bm-,—(CH₂)_(a)—N(R^(b))—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CONR_(b)-Bm-,—(CH₂)_(a)SO₃—, —(CH₂)_(a)S(O)—, —(CH₂)_(a)S—, —(CH₂)_(a)OSO₃—,—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)SO₃—, —(CH₂)_(a)CO₂(CH₂)_(b)SO₃—(CH₂)_(a)SO₃—,—(CH₂)_(a)OCO(CH₂)_(c)SO₃—, —(CH₂)_(a)CONR_(b)(CH₂)_(c)SO₃—,—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CO(CH₂)_(c)SO₃—, —(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CONR_(c)(CH₂)_(c)SO₃—,—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CSNR_(c)(CH₂)_(c)SO₃—, —(CH₂)_(a)OCONR_(e)(CH₂)_(c)SO₃—,—(CH₂)_(a)PO₃R_(e)—, —(CH₂)_(a)OPO₃R_(e)—, —(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)PO₃R_(e)—,—(CH₂)_(a)CO₂(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)—, —(CH₂)_(a)OCO(CH₂)_(b)PO₃R_(e)—,—(CH₂)_(a)CONR_(b)(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)—,—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CO(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)—,—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CONR_(c)(CH₂)_(b)PO₃R_(e)—,—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CSNH(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)—,—(CH₂)_(a)OCONR_(b)(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)—, cyano, nitro, halogen,saccharide, a peptide, protein, cell, glycopeptide, peptidomimetic,drug, hormone, metal chelating agent, radioactive metal complex,non-radioactive metal complex, echogenic agent, and arylpolysulfonate;the subscripts a and c independently vary from 1-20, and b varies from1-100; R_(a), R_(b), and R_(c) are defined in the same manner as R¹³;R_(e) and R_(f) are independently a hydrogen or a negatively-chargedgroup or are defined in the same manner as R¹³; Bm is a bioactive domainselected from the group consisting of a peptide, protein, antibody,antibody fragment, oligosaccharide, drug, glycomimetic, cell,glycopeptide, peptidomimetic, hormone, metal chelating group,radioactive metal complex, non-radioactive metal complex, echogenicagent, and the like; R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, and R²¹ aredefined in the same manner as Bm, or are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C14 aryl, C1-C20 alkoxyl,C1-C20 polyalkoxyalkyl, C1-C20 thioalkyl, C1-C20 carboxyl, C1-C20aminoalkyl, C1-C20 hydroxyalkyl, C5-C20 polyhydroxyaryl, carbocyclic,heterocyclic, sulfonate, sulfate, thiol, sulfide, thiother, phosphonate,phosphate, phosphite, carboxylate, amino aryl, cyano, nitro, halogen,saccharide, peptide, protein, cell, glycopeptide, peptidomimetic, drug,hormone, metal chelating group, radioactive metal complex,non-radioactive metal complex, echogenic agent, arylpolysulfonate, fusedaryl, and radioisotope; two or more R¹³ to R²¹ may combine to formaromatic derivatives; and R²², R²³, and R²⁴ are independently ahydrophilic or lipophilic linker or a bioactive domain defined in thesame manner as Bm, or R²² to R²⁴ may be combined as a functional unitdefined in the same manner as Bm.
 26. The macrocyclic bioconjugateimaging agent of claim 25, wherein the compound comprises Formula 4:

wherein: a4 and b4 vary from 0 to 7; W⁴ and X⁴ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of —CR_(a)R_(b), —O—, —NR_(b), —S—,and —Se; Y⁴ and Z⁴ are independently selected from the group consistingof —CR_(a), C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C10 aryl, C1-C10 alkoxyl, C1-C20polyalkoxyalkyl, C1-C10 thioalkyl, C1-C10 carboxylic acid, C1-C10aminoalkyl, C1-C10 hydroxyalkyl, C5-C20 polyhydroxyaryl,—(CH₂)_(a)—NR_(a)—, —CH₂(CH₂O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—O—, —(CH₂)_(a)—CO₂—,—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CO₂—, —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—NR_(a)—,—(CH₂)_(a)—N(R_(b))—(CH₂)_(c)—CO₂R_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)—N(R_(b))—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CO₂R_(e),—(CH₂)_(a)—CONR_(b)-Bm-, —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CONR_(b)-Bm-,—(CH₂)_(a)—NR_(b)CO-Bm-, —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂NR_(b)CO-Bm-,—(CH₂)_(a)—NR_(b)CO-Bm-, —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂NR_(b)CO-Bm-,—(CH₂)_(a)—N(R_(b))—(CH₂)_(c)—CONR_(b)-Bm-,—(CH₂)_(a)—N(R^(b))—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CONR_(b)-Bm-,—(CH₂)_(a)SO₃—, —(CH₂)_(a)S(O)—, —(CH₂)_(a)S—, —(CH₂)_(a)OSO₃—,—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)SO₃—, —(CH₂)_(a)CO₂(CH₂)_(b)SO₃—(CH₂)_(a)SO₃—,—(CH₂)_(a)OCO(CH₂)_(c)SO₃—, —(CH₂)_(a)CONR_(b)(CH₂)_(c)SO₃—,—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CO(CH₂)_(c)SO₃—, —(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CONR_(c)(CH₂)_(c)SO₃—,—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CSNR_(c)(CH₂)_(c)SO₃—, —(CH₂)_(a)OCONR_(e)(CH₂)_(c)SO₃—,—(CH₂)_(a)PO₃R_(e)—, —(CH₂)_(a)OPO₃R_(e)—, —(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)PO₃R_(e)—,—(CH₂)_(a)CO₂(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)—, —(CH₂)_(a)OCO(CH₂)_(b)PO₃R_(e)—,—(CH₂)_(a)CONR_(b)(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)—,—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CO(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)—,—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CONR_(c)(CH₂)_(b)PO₃R_(e)—,—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CSNH(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)—,—(CH₂)_(a)OCONR_(b)(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)—, cyano, nitro, halogens,saccharides, hydrophilic peptides, lipophilic peptides, bioactivepeptides, proteins, cells, glycopeptides, peptidomimetics, drugs,hormones, metal chelating agents, radioactive and non-radioactive metalcomplexes, echogenic agents, and arylpolysulfonates; the subscripts aand c independently vary from 1-20, and b varies from 1-100; R_(a),R_(b), and R_(c) are defined in the same manner as R⁴¹; R_(e) and R_(f)are independently a hydrogen or a negatively-charged group or aredefined in the same manner as R⁴¹; Bm is a bioactive domain selectedfrom the group consisting of a peptide, protein, antibody, antibodyfragment, oligosaccharide, drug, glycomimetic, cell, glycopeptide,peptidomimetic, hormone, metal chelating group, radioactive metalcomplex, non-radioactive metal complexes, echogenic agent, and the like;R⁴¹, R⁴², R⁴³, R⁴⁴, R⁴⁵, R⁴⁶, R⁴⁷, R⁴⁸, R⁴⁹, R⁵⁰, R⁵¹, R⁵², and R⁵³ aredefined in the same manner as Bm, or are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C14 aryl, C1-C20 alkoxyl,C1-C20 polyalkoxyalkyl, C1-C20 thioalkyl, C1-C20 carboxyl, C1-C20aminoalkyl, C1-C20 hydroxyalkyl, C5-C20 polyhydroxyaryl, carbocyclic,heterocyclic, sulfonate, sulfate, thiol, sulfide, thiother, phosphonate,phosphate, phosphite, carboxylate, amino aryl, cyano, nitro, halogen,saccharide, peptide, protein, cell, glycopeptide, peptidomimetic, drug,hormone, metal chelating group, radioactive metal complex,non-radioactive metal complex, echogenic agent, arylpolysulfonate, fusedaryl, and radioisotope; two or more R¹³ to R²¹ may combine to formaromatic derivatives; and R⁵⁴, R⁵⁵, and R⁵⁶ are independently ahydrophilic or lipophilic linker or a bioactive domain defined in thesame manner as Bm, or R⁵⁴ to R⁵⁶ may be combined as a functional unitdefined in the same manner as Bm.
 27. A method of imaging a tissue, themethod comprising administering a macrocyclic bioconjugate imaging agentof claim 23 to an individual.
 28. A method of imaging a tissue, themethod comprising administering a macrocyclic bioconjugate imaging agentof claim 25 to an individual.
 29. A method of imaging a tissue, themethod comprising administering a macrocyclic bioconjugate imaging agentcomprising Formula 14:

wherein: a14 and b14 are integers from 0 to 7; W¹⁴ and X¹⁴ areindependently selected from the group consisting of —CR_(a)R_(b), —O—,—NR_(b), —S—, and —Se—; wherein R_(a) and R_(b) are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C14aryl, C1-C20 alkoxyl, C1-C20 polyalkoxyalkyl, C1-C20 thioalkyl, C1-C20carboxyl, C1-C20 aminoalkyl, C1-C20 hydroxyalkyl, C5-C20polyhydroxyaryl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, sulfonate, sulfate, thiol,sulfide, thioether, phosphonate, phosphate, phosphite, carboxylate,amino aryl, cyano, nitro, halogen, saccharide, peptide, protein, cell,glycopeptide, glycomimetic, peptidomimetic, antibody, antibody fragment,drug, hormone, metal chelating group, radioactive metal complex,non-radioactive metal complex, echogenic agent, arylpolysulfonate, fusedaryl, and radioisotope; Y¹⁴ and Z¹⁴ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of —CR_(a), —C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C10 aryl, C1-C10 alkoxyl,C1-C20 polyalkoxyalkyl, C1-C10 thioalkyl, C1-C10 carboxylic acid, C1-C10aminoalkyl, C1-C10 hydroxyalkyl, C5-C20 polyhydroxyaryl,—(CH₂)_(a)—NR_(a)—, —CH₂(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—O—, —(CH₂)_(a)—CO₂—,—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CO₂—, —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—NR_(a)—,(CH₂)_(a)—N(R_(b))—(CH₂)_(c)—CO₂R_(e)—,—(CH₂)_(a)—N(R_(b))—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CO₂R_(e)—,—(CH₂)_(a)—CONR_(b)-Bm-, —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CONR_(b)-Bm-,—(CH₂)_(a)—NR_(b)CO-Bm-, —CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂NR_(b)CO-Bm-,—(CH₂)_(a)—N(R_(b))—(CH₂)_(c)—CONR_(b)-Bm-,—(CH₂)_(a)—N(R_(b))—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(b)—CH₂—CONR_(b)-Bm-,—(CH₂)_(a)SO₃—, —(CH₂)_(a)S(O)—, —(CH₂)_(a)S—, —(CH₂)_(a)OSO₃—,—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)SO₃—, —(CH₂)_(a)CO₂(CH₂)_(b)SO₃—(CH₂)_(a)SO₃—,—(CH₂)_(a)OCO(CH₂)_(c)SO₃—, —(CH₂)_(a)CONR_(b)(CH₂)_(c)SO₃—,—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CO(CH₂)_(c)SO₃—, —(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CONR_(c)(CH₂)_(c)SO₃—,—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CSNR_(c)(CH₂)_(c)SO₃—, —(CH₂)_(a)OCONR_(e)(CH₂)_(c)SO₃—,—(CH₂)_(a)PO₃R_(e)—, —(CH₂)_(a)OPO₃R_(e)—, —(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)PO₃R_(e)—,—(CH₂)_(a)CO₂(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)—, —(CH₂)_(a)OCO(CH₂)_(b)PO₃R_(e)—,—(CH₂)_(a)CONR_(b)(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)—,—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CO(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)—,—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CONR_(c)(CH₂)_(b)PO₃R_(e)—,—(CH₂)_(a)NR_(b)CSNH(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)—,—(CH₂)_(a)OCONR_(b)(CH₂)_(c)PO₃R_(e)—, cyano, nitro, halogen,saccharide, peptide, protein, cell, glycopeptide, peptidomimetic, drug,hormone, metal chelating agent, radioactive metal complex,non-radioactive metal complex, echogenic agent, and arylpolysulfonate;wherein the subscripts a and c independently vary from 1 to 20, and bvaries from 1 to 100; wherein R_(a), R_(b), and R_(c), are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C14aryl, C1-C20 alkoxyl, C1-C20 polyalkoxyalkyl, C1-C20 thioalkyl, C1-C20carboxyl, C1-C20 aminoalkyl, C1-C20 hydroxyalkyl, C5-C20polyhydroxyaryl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, sulfonate, sulfate, thiol,sulfide, thioether, phosphonate, phosphate, phosphite, carboxylate,amino aryl, cyano, nitro, halogen, saccharide, peptide, protein, cell,glycopeptide, glycomimetic, peptidomimetic, antibody, antibody fragment,drug, hormone, metal chelating group, radioactive metal complex,non-radioactive metal complex, echogenic agent, arylpolysulfonate, fusedaryl, and radioisotope, and Bm is a bioactive domain selected from thegroup consisting of a bioactive peptide, protein, antibody, antibodyfragment, oligosaccharide, drug, glycomimetic, cell, glycopeptide,peptidomimetic, hormone, metal chelating group, radioactive metalcomplex, non-radioactive metal complex, and echogenic agent; and R_(e)is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a negatively-chargedgroup, C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C14 aryl, C1-C20 alkoxyl, C1-C20polyalkoxyalkyl, C1-C20 thioalkyl, C1-C20 carboxyl, C1-C20 aminoalkyl,C1-C20 hydroxyalkyl, C5-C20 polyhydroxyaryl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic,sulfonate, sulfate, thiol, sulfide, thioether, phosphonate, phosphate,phosphite, carboxylate, amino aryl, cyano, nitro, halogen, saccharide,peptide, protein, cell, glycopeptide, glycomimetic, peptidomimetic,antibody, antibody fragment, drug, hormone, metal chelating group,radioactive metal complex, non-radioactive metal complex, echogenicagent, arylpolysulfonate, fused aryl, and radioisotope; R²⁰⁵, R²⁰⁶,R²⁰⁷, R²⁰⁸, R²⁰⁹, R²¹⁰, R²¹¹, R²¹², and R²¹³ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C14 aryl, C1-C20alkoxyl, C1-C20 polyalkoxyalkyl, C1-C20 thioalkyl, C1-C20 carboxyl,C1-C20 aminoalkyl, C1-C20 hydroxyalkyl, C5-C20 polyhydroxyaryl,carbocyclic, heterocyclic, sulfonate, sulfate, thiol, sulfide,thioether, phosphonate, phosphate, phosphite, carboxylate, amino aryl,cyano, nitro, halogen, saccharide, peptide, protein, cell, glycopeptide,glycomimetic, peptidomimetic, antibody, antibody fragment, drug,hormone, metal chelating group, radioactive metal complex,non-radioactive metal complex, echogenic agent, arylpolysulfonate, fusedaryl, and radioisotope, R²¹⁴, R²¹⁵, and R²¹⁶ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of a hydrophilic linker, a lipophilic linker,and a bioactive domain (Bm), wherein R²¹⁴, R²¹⁵, and R²¹⁶ may combine toform a functional unit defined in the same manner as Bm, wherein Bm is abioactive domain selected from the group consisting of a bioactivepeptide, protein, antibody, antibody fragment, oligosaccharide, drug,glycomimetic, cell, glycopeptide, peptidomimetic, hormone, metalchelating group, radioactive metal complex, non-radioactive metalcomplex, and echogenic agent; and A₁, B₁, and D₁ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of —O—, —S—, —Se—, —P—,—PR_(a)—P(O)R_(a), —S(O)—, —NR_(a), —CR_(a)R_(b)—, —C═O, C1-C10 alkyl,C1-C10 aryl, C1-C10 polyhydroxyalkyl, C1-C10 alkoxyl,—CH₂(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(c)—CH₂—O—, peptide, —(CH₂)_(d)—CO₂H,—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(e)—CH₂—CO—, —(CH₂)_(f)—NR_(b)—, and—CH₂—(CH₂—O—CH₂)_(g)—CH₂NR_(b), provided A₁, B₁, and D₁ may togetherform a 5 to 20 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, optionallycontaining one or more oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atoms; wherein R_(a),and R_(b) are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C14 aryl, C1-C20 alkoxyl, C1-C20polyalkoxyalkyl, C1-C20 thioalkyl, C1-C20 carboxyl, C1-C20 aminoalkyl,C1-C20 hydroxyalkyl, C5-C20 polyhydroxyaryl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic,sulfonate, sulfate, thiol, sulfide, thioether, phosphonate, phosphate,phosphite, carboxylate, amino aryl, cyano, nitro, halogen, saccharide,peptide, protein, cell, glycopeptide, glycomimetic, peptidomimetic,antibody, antibody fragment, drug, hormone, metal chelating group,radioactive metal complex, non-radioactive metal complex, echogenicagent, arylpolysulfonate, fused aryl, and radioisotope; and wherein thesubscripts a, c, d, e, f, and g independently vary from 1 to 20.